Artificial Intelligence

Nobel Prize for Physics 2024 awarded to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for their foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with Artificial Neural Networks.

Recurrent Neural Network

Developed by Hopfield, the Recurrent Neural Network allows information flow in both directions, where neurons constantly interact with each other. The neurons learn and process information based on Hebbian learning—a concept in neuropsychology that suggests if one neuron repeatedly triggers a second, the connection between the two becomes stronger.

Example: When a node is exposed to large texts, one set in English and another its Tamil translation, it uses Hebbian learning to conclude that “hand” and “kai” are synonymous as they frequently appear together. It stores information once in a low-energy state.

Boltzmann Machine

Built by Hinton, the Boltzmann machine can learn not from instructions, but by being given examples. A trained Boltzmann machine can recognize familiar traits in information it has not previously seen.

Explained

Deep Learning

Nodes of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are fed with input, and the connections between the nodes allow them to transfer input and output signals to each other. Stacking multiple layers of nodes, with each layer performing a specific task with great attention to detail, creates a machine capable of deep learning.

Applications

Language translation
Driverless cars
Improving drug efficiency
Weather and natural disaster prediction
Facial recognition systems

Examples

Google’s DeepMind designed to help scientists develop drugs and target diseases more effectively. In 2020, it predicted the behavior of microscopic proteins.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a tool likely to be implemented as an artificial neural network, a collection of nodes capable of processing data and connected similarly to the neurons of animals. It is an important subset of Machine Learning (ML).

Applications

Preprocessing and character recognition
Credit rating
Portfolio management
Diagnosis of diseases and detection
Remote monitoring
Health monitoring wearables for the elderly

Examples

Ayush Grid is used for efficient, complete, affordable, and high-quality services of traditional medicines through a secure and connected digital system.

Machine Learning

Algorithms that allow computers to learn from examples without being explicitly programmed.

Application

Identifying fraudulent transactions
Filtering out spam emails
Predicting new relationships in data
Improving customer experience